Figure 4. A snapshot, in time, of two complex numbers whose exponents, and thus their phase angles, change with time. The notion of negative frequency is often troubling to engineers who've spent so ...

E-mail is old and complex. It’s the oldest still-recognizable component of the Internet, with its modern incarnation having coalesced out of several different decades-old messaging technologies ...

The most general approach to evaluating the time domain response of any electromagnetic system is to solve Maxwell’s equations in the time domain. Such a procedure would take into account all the ...