Fig. 1. The optical setup and principle of high-frequency enhanced compressed active photography (H-CAP). (a) The optical setup of the H-CAP system, (b) The sampling principle of Random code and (c) ...

For much of the history of the wristwatch, mechanical movements were perfectly content to tick along at 2.5 or 3 Hz, measuring time at a leisurely 18,000 or 21,600 vibrations per hour, respectively.

What if the difference between profit and loss in financial markets wasn’t measured in seconds, but in nanoseconds? High-frequency AI trading (HFT) systems operate in this razor-thin margin of time, ...