The lowest of the four biosafety levels and is suitable for work involving well-characterized agents not known to consistently cause disease in healthy adult humans. These organisms pose minimal ...

Laboratory biosafety practices are based on the principle of containment of biological agents to prevent exposure to laboratory workers and the outside environment. Primary containment protects the ...

While we can mathematically quantify the corresponding risk to laboratory workers, extending that risk assessment to the local and global community poses numerous challenges. First, we need a full ...